基于汉语教学的现代汉语天文地理类词释义研究

Abstract

Dictionaries are supplements and extensions to various courses and textbooks, and are essential reference books for second language learners in the three stages of preview, learning, and review. Foreign oriented dictionaries are active dictionaries aimed at non native Chinese learners, aiming to improve their language proficiency as a foreign language, and are of great significance for Chinese language teaching. However, the current situation of China's foreign oriented dictionaries is not optimistic. The reason for this is that the compilation of contemporary Chinese dictionaries lacks scientific and efficient theoretical guidance. The Generative Lexicon Theory (GLT) is considered the “most refined formal analysis paradigm in contemporary semantics”. It has been widely used for semantic analysis and compilation of commonly used words in machine dictionaries, but has not yet been widely used in human dictionaries.Nouns are a manifestation of human naming ability and also a symbol of human categorization ability. Nouns not only represent people's naming ability towards things, but also reflect their classification cognition towards things. Therefore, accurate analysis and appropriate interpretation of the semantic meaning of noun concepts are of great value. According to the classification of astronomical and geographical nouns in SU XINCHUN's Modern Chinese Classification Dictionary, we selected 13 astronomical and geographical nouns, including 2 celestial nouns, which are “day” and “month”; 2 geomorphologic nouns, which are “mountain”, “shore”, “sea”, and “ground”; 7 meteorological nouns, which are “wind”, “rain”, “snow”, “ice”, “dew”, “thunder”, and “tide”. We searched for the definitions of these 13 astronomical and geographical nouns in three Chinese introverted dictionaries, three Chinese extroverted dictionaries, three English introverted dictionaries, and three English extroverted dictionaries, and compared and analyzed the similarities and differences in their definitions. We downloaded all the corpora of these 13 astronomical and geographical nouns from the Modern Chinese Library of Peking University CCL Corpus. Each noun was proportionally extracted with 10000 corpora and labeled one by one to discover the missing meanings in the Chinese dictionary. At the same time, we applied the generative lexicon theory to describe and explain the semantic distribution of these 13 astronomical and geographical nouns, in order to provide ideas for the revision of their definitions and the compilation of China’s foreign oriented dictionaries.In addition, we followed the principle of “same field, same pattern”, sorted out the semantic structure of astronomical and geographical nouns, studied the interpretation methods of astronomical and geographical nouns, and constructed a unified interpretation mode of astronomical and geographical nouns, in order to improve the efficiency of dictionary compilation and the systematicnesss of dictionary interpretation. The adjusted definitions of astronomical and geographical terms are both scientific and accurate, making it easier for Chinese learners to search and understand, thereby enhancing their interest in using Chinese dictionaries. Meanwhile, it can also provide beneficial assistance for Chinese language teachers' teaching work, in order to better promote the development of Chinese dictionaries and international Chinese language teaching.

词典是对各种课程和教材的补充和扩展，是汉语教师备课、教学及二语学习者预习、学习和复习等过程中必不可少的工具书。外向型词典是面向非本族语的汉语学习者、旨在提高其汉语作为外语的语言能力的积极型词典，对汉语教学具有重要意义，然而我国外向型词典的使用现状并不乐观。生成词库理论（Generative Lexicon Theory, GLT）被认为是“当代语义学中最精细的形式化分析范式”，该理论已常用于机用词典常用词的义项分析和编纂，但尚未普遍用于人用词典。名词词既表征人们对于事物的命名能力，又反映人们对于事物的分类认知，学界普遍认为对于名词概念语义的精确分析和恰当解读具有重要意义。本文根据苏新春《现代汉语分类词典》中天文地理类名词的分类，选取13个天文地理类名词，其中“天体类”名词2个，为“日”“月”；“地貌类”名词4个，为“山”“岸”“海”“地”；“气象类”名词7个，为“风”“雨”“雪”“冰”“露”“雷”“潮”，分别查询这13个天文地理名词在3部汉语内向型词典、3部汉语外向型词典、3部英语内向型词典和3部英语外向型词典的释义，对比及分析释义的异同。从北京大学CCL语料库现代汉语库中下载这13个天文地理名词的全部语料，每个名词按比例抽取10000条语料并逐一标注，发掘汉语词典漏收的义项。同时，运用生成词库理论的物性结构理论，对这13个天文地理类名词的义项分布进行描写及解释，以期对该类词的释义修订及汉语外向型词典编纂提供思路。此外，本文遵循“同场同模式”原则，梳理天文地理类名词的语义结构，研究天文地理类名词的释义方式，构建天文地理类名词的统一释义模式，以此提高词典编纂的效率及词典释义的系统性。调整后的天文地理类名词释义兼具科学性及准确性，更便于汉语学习者查阅及理解，从而增强汉语学习者使用汉语词典的兴趣，同时也能对汉语教师的教学工作提供有益帮助，以期更好地推动中国辞书事业及汉语国际教学事业的发展。