朝贡贸易体制下明朝面向东南亚的文化传播研究

Abstract

The historical origins of tributary trade can trace back far. The Ming government carried out the policy of “attracting people with kindness to come to you from far away” and attracted the surrounding countries to bow and pay Chaogong goods to this country every year. They used Chaogong trade as a means to achieve the purpose of diplomacy with the the surrounding nations through cultural influence. After entering the 21st century, cultural exchanges between China and Southeast Asian countries have not only entered a new era, but also raised new topics in the study of foreign cultural exchanges. Therefore, this paper takes the cultural exchanges between the Ming Dynasty and Southeast Asia under the Chaogong trade system as the research object. And the dissertation explores mechanism, content and impact of cultural exchanges in this historical period by sorting out historical documents and reveals the role of cultural exchanges, characteristics and patterns in this period and their implications for cultural exchanges and cooperation between China and Southeast Asian countries today. The first chapter of the paper is a literature review, and the second to sixth chapters are major parts of the dissertation. Chapter one is literature review. This chapter summarizes and refines the research content, purpose and significance of this dissertation by sorting out the relevant research literatures about Chaogong (tributary trade) and cultural exchanges with Southeast Asian countries during the Ming Dynasty. Chapter two summarizes and analyzes the Chaogong trade between the Ming Dynasty and Southeast Asia. The dissertation combs the historical evolution of the Chaogong trade system, the Chaogong relations and Chaogong goods exchanges between the Ming Dynasty and Southeast Asian countries, and analyzes the specific situation of this system in promoting Chaogong relation between the Ming and Southeast Asian countries in different periods of the Ming Dynasty, including Chaogong countries, Chaogong goods, frequency and rewards. This is also the basis for analyzing the cultural exchanges between the Ming Dynasty and ancient Southeast Asian countries under the Chaogong system. Chapter three analyzes the Ming Dynasty’s administrative and cultural influence in tributary countries in Southeast Asia. In this chapter the dissertation further explores and discusses the Ming Dynasty’s pilgrimage, canonization, vassalization, and edict coordination to Chaogong countries in Southeast Asia on the basis of Chaogong trade, as well as the cultural relics, regulations, and etiquette reflected in the Chaogong process. Using Chaogong trade as a means, it demonstrates the manner of a great country and how the county embodies the policies of “attracting people with kindness to come to you from far away” and “attracting the surrounding countries bow and pay Chaogong goods to this country every year” through the export of official culture exchanges and missionary education. At the same time, official cultural exchanges provide a reference paradigm for bilateral peaceful exchanges and current bilateral cultural exchanges and cooperation. Chapter four presents the Ming Dynasty’s language and cultural influence in Chaogong countries in Southeast Asia. By analyzing the Chaogong trade between the Ming Dynasty and ancient Southeast Asian countries, it promoted the spread of classics and historical collections, literary and cultural works in Southeast Asia, and promoted the vassal states’ demand for Chinese language and cultural education. Chaogong trade, as a medium and bridge, greatly promoted the spread and influence of Chinese language and culture during the Ming Dynasty. Chapter five focuses on the traditional cultural influence in Chaogong countries in Southeast Asia in Ming Dynasty. As another important medium for cultural exchanges, folk customs and etiquette, folk beliefs and folk crafts were also spread to Southeast Asian countries on a large scale during the Chaogong trade process. This is a concrete manifestation of the search for the identity and reconstruction of Chinese culture in Southeast Asian countries. Chapter six pays attention to the enlightenment brought by the cultural exchange model. The cultural communication between Ming government and the nations in Southeast Asia, especial in Chaogong business, can be exampled to promote bilateral cultural integration and enhance mutual understanding among nations in today’s world structure. It can be drawn on the traditional advantages of cultural exchanges under the Chaogong trade system to strengthen cross-cultural exchanges and cooperation, and promote the international spread of Chinese through trade exchanges between China and Southeast Asian countries, and promote the common prosperity and development of both languages and cultures in this area. The conclusion part summarizes the main points of the full text in terms of the content, form and impact of cultural influence in Southeast Asian Chaogong countries in Chinese Ming Dynasty under the Chaogong trade system from Hongwu to Wanli years, as well as the meaning behind cultural exchanges. Meanwhile the research conclusion is concluded.

朝贡贸易历史渊源。明朝“怀柔远⼈”使“四夷宾服，万国来朝”，以朝贡贸易为手段，通过文化感化实现与四夷的外交目的。进入21世纪后，中国与东南亚国家的文化交流进入了一个新时期，对外文化交流研究提出了新课题。因此，本论文以明朝面向东南亚的朝贡贸易文化交流为研究对象，通过梳理历史文献和书写，探讨这一历史时期的文化交往形式、内容与影响，揭示这一时期文化交流的特点及其对当今中国与东南亚国家间的文化交流与合作启示。论文第一章为文献综述，第二章至第六章为论文的本论部分。第一章是文献综述。本章通过梳理明朝时期与东南亚国家朝贡贸易和文化交流的相关研究，总结提炼本论文的研究内容、目的和意义，设计研究思路。第二章梳理分析了明朝与东南亚朝贡贸易之往来。论文梳理了朝贡贸易体制的历史演变，明朝与东南亚各国的朝贡关系和贡赐往来情况，分析了明朝在不同时期与东南亚国家之间朝贡的具体情况，包括朝贡国、贡次、贡物、回赐和赏赐。这也是分析朝贡体制下明朝与东南亚文化交流的基础。第三章论述了明朝对东南亚朝贡国的吏治文化传播。论文进一步挖掘并讨论了明朝对东南亚朝贡国的朝觐册封、册藩、诏谕协调及在朝贡过程中所体现出的物典章礼仪。以朝贡贸易为手段，通过输出吏治文化和敷宣教化，明政府彰显大国风范，体现“怀柔远人”，“四夷宾服”。明朝对东南国家吏治文化交流为当今双边的文化交流与合作提供了可参考的范式和价值。第四章论述了明朝对东南亚朝贡国的传统文化传播。作为文化交流的又一重要介质，民俗礼俗、人民日常生活和民间社会工艺技术也在朝贡贸易过程中大范围地传播到东南亚国家，这是寻找中华文化在东南亚国家认同与重构的历史渊源。第五章论述了明朝对东南亚朝贡国的语言文化传播。明朝通过与东南亚古国之间的朝贡贸易，推动了经史子集和文化作品在东南亚的流传，促进了朝贡国对汉语语言、文化教育的需求。朝贡贸易作为媒介和桥梁，极大地促进了明王朝时期汉语语言文化的对外传播和影响。第六章论述了明朝与东南亚古国“薄”贡“厚”赐文化交流与融合的当代价值。朝贡贸易体制下，明朝与东南亚文化交流促进了双边文化融合、增进了相互理解。在当今世界格局中，双边可以借鉴朝贡贸易体制下文化交流的传统优势，加强跨文化交流合作，以贸易交流推动了汉语国际传播，进一步推动文化交流与商贸合作，从而实现推动中国与东南亚国家之间语言、文化、商贸的共同繁荣。结束语部分，总结了终明一代朝贡贸易体制下明朝与东南亚国家文化传播的内容、形式说明了两个主要问题：朝贡贸易即是贸易，又是外交手段；朝贡关系不仅是物质贸易，更是文化传播的途径，体现了“协和万邦，四海一家”对外交流思想和视野，对促进新时代的对外经贸和文化交流具有重大意义。