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The objective of this research is to study the occurrence and significance of the term “Namo” in the Buddhist scriptures, using a documentary research method. The data was analyzed through content analysis and presented as a narrative analysis research report. The findings of the research are as follows:The term “Namo” predominantly appears in the Sutta Pitaka and some volumes of the Vinaya Pitaka of the Pali Canon, but it is not found in the Abhidhamma Pitaka. However, it is worth noting that it is present in the formal homage to the Buddha, which states: “Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Samma Sambuddhassa”. This expression is specifically established in the Buddha’s instructions as a customary form of respect. In addition to its presence in the canonical scriptures, the term “Namo” is also found in the Atthakatha (commentaries) and the general legal codes. This reflects its usage by the guidelines outlined in the Tripitaka. Moreover, there is an expansion of its usage to enhance clarity in certain contexts. The patterns of occurrence of this term can be classified into three main types: standalone occurrences, occurrences in conjunction with verbs, and the use of alternative words with similar meanings. Importantly, “Namo” is considered a common term expressing general respect and reverence, extending beyond the confines of Buddhism. It is not a specialized term endowed with authoritative power and can be employed by individuals, both human and non-human, to convey expressions of reverence. Notably, the term is not limited to the Buddhist context, and its usage is not confined solely to terms of privilege or authority. Those who use the term “Namo” to express reverence encompass humans, non-humans, and animals. The earliest speaker of this term is not specified, and it is even used by multiple speakers in concluding verses of formal homage found in the Sutta Pitaka.The significance of the term “Namo” is identified in nine aspects:1. Meaning of Reverence: Direct expressions of reverence, including homage, respect, veneration, worship, adoration, obeisance, salutation, prostration, and paying homage, are all encompassed by the term “Namo.”2. Entities Revered: The entities and beings revered through the expression of “Namo” are diverse, ranging from the Buddha and monks (both within and outside Buddhism) to general individuals, deities, animals, inanimate objects, and aspects of nature.3. Reverential Customs: “Namo” is used as a common term for showing respect, whether directed towards a person, human, animal, or any other entity deserving of general reverence. It is not exclusively reserved for specific Buddhist contexts. Modes of Expression: “Namo” is utilized both as a standalone expression of reverence and in conjunction with verbs or other words conveying similar meanings. However, when expressing reverence towards the Buddha, a specific phrase, (Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Samma Sambuddhassa), is recited three times. It is essential to note that this particular phrase is exclusively reserved for paying homage to the Buddha and is not used in a broader context.4. Expressing Reverence: The expression of reverence through “Namo” is observed in two ways: as an exclamation of joy and as a formal expression of respect towards individuals and general entities.5. Physical Gestures of Reverence: Physical gestures, including covering the body with a cloth, bending the knees, performing prostration, and adopting appropriate postures, accompany the expression of “Namo” based on situational appropriateness and personal preferences.6. Motivations for Reverence: The motivations for expressing reverence through “Namo” are diverse, encompassing feelings of awe, faith, belief, fear, and a desire for rewards, both in idealistic and realistic contexts.7. Practices of Reverence: Practices associated with the expression of “Namo” include covering oneself with a cloth, bending the knees, performing prostration, observing specific days, practicing patience, and uttering the phrase “Namo” or other words with similar meanings.8. Moral Principles and Reverence: Moral principles related to reverence include the offering of virtuous deeds, worship, ethical conduct, and the karmic consequences of performing rituals and acts according to the teachings. 9. Results of Reverence: The consequences of expressing reverence through "Namo" manifest on both a mundane level, leading to mental tranquility, happiness, steadfastness of mind, worldly and heavenly blessings, and on a transcendental level, resulting in the attainment of enlightenment, liberation, and the alleviation of suffering through adherence to Buddhist practices. |
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