语料库视野下的现代汉语“鸭”字释义研究

Abstract

越来越多的外国人加入到汉语学习者的队伍中，这对汉语学习词典提出更高的要求。汉语词典在义项数和新技术的运用上都与英语词典存在一些差距。物性结构理论是生词词库理论中最有特色和代表性的理论，从构成角色、形式角色、功用角色、施成角色四个层面来描写名词的语义。这四种物性角色展示了名词指称实体的百科知识，极大地丰富了名词的语义内涵，较之以往的名词语义描写，在广度和深度上都有所突破，对于深入刻画名词的语义有重要的指导作用。文章以名词“鸭”（duck）为例，从北京大学现代汉语语料库（CCL语料库）中搜索“鸭”字的全部语料8356条，逐条进行标注，并借用物性结构理论对其物性角色进行分析，重新描写“鸭”字动物名词性义项的释义，并发现汉词典可以为“鸭”字增加2个名词性义项：鸭肉或以鸭为原料的食物；男妓。

More and more foreigners are joining the ranks of Chinese language learners, which puts higher demands on Chinese learning dictionaries. Chinese dictionaries have some gaps with English dictionaries regarding the number of meaningful items and the use of new technologies. The qualia structure is the most distinctive and representative theory of the generative lexicon theory, which depicts the semantics of nouns at four levels: formal role, constitutive role，telic role, agentive role. These four roles demonstrate the encyclopedic knowledge of noun denotative entities and greatly enrich the semantic connotation of nouns, which is a breakthrough in both breadth and depth compared with the previous semantic descriptions of nouns, and is an important guide to the in-depth portrayal of the semantics of nouns. The article takes the noun "duck" (鸭) as an example, and searches all 8,356 items of the CCL corpus of Peking University for the word "duck", annotates them one by one, and analyzes their object roles by using the theory of qualia structure. We found that the Chinese dictionary can add two noun meanings for the word "duck": meat of duck or food made of duck; and male prostitute.